Such a structure would have been considered of "aboriginal" design on the U.S. Federal Censuses Special Indian Schedules of the 1900 and 1910 General Population Censuses and marked on question #46 of the 1910 Census, "Abor."
As opposed to "Civ." or "civilized" structures like...
 |
| Believed to be John and Sarah (Maurer) Candy |
No separate Indian Schedule was taken in 1920. And the supplemental schedules for the Indian Population taken at the time of the 1930 U.S. Federal Census "have not survived" (Croom).
The 1900 and 1910 Special Schedules attempt to connect individuals (of both genders and all ages) to tribes of nativity, tribes of parentage. And delineate percentage of blood/race/color. They also asked questions about relationships...like, if the individual was married, and, if so to how many wives? Were the wives "sisters"? Was the Indian taxed? Had the Indian received an "allotment" from the government? Had the Indian received citizenry? Did the Indian graduate from some sort of institution? Was the Indian living on a "reservation" or on his or her own land? In 1900 the question regarding structure or dwelling was whether or not the Indian was living in a "fixed" or "immoveable" abode.
Back in the 1880 Census enumerators were supposed to include any Indians living on or near reservations on a special census of Indians.
And there were enumerations of Indians living near military posts in Washington Township (Tulalip and Yakama Agencies); California (Round Valley Agency); and Dakota Territory (Standing Rock Agency). According to Emily Anne Croom these schedules are on 5 rolls of NARA film (M1791).
The 1880 Census required each person's name, translation of name, relationship to Head of household, marital status, whether of full or mixed blood; personal description, occupation, health or disability, education, personal property, land occupied and cultivated, and, sources of subsistence such as self/family/government/hunting, fishing, gathering "natural products." Children born after the Census date of October 1st 1880 were to be omitted, but persons who died after 1 OCT 1880 were to be included since they were living on the first.
The Censuses of 1880-1930 continued to use the category of "Indian" for racial delineation. The 1870 Census was the first Census to include "Indian" as one of the categories of race/color. By 1930 persons of mixed ancestry were to be listed as (for example) "Indian" unless the percentage of Indian blood was "very small" or the person was accepted as White in the community.
Croom reminds that all five nations of "Indians" had slaveholders just like New England and Pennsylvania and in the deep South. She suggests for pre-1870 record research, we overlap "Free" and "Slave" schedules to get a more complete picture of a region's population.
American Indians in what later became Oklahoma were NOT enumerated in the general population schedules of the 19th century since the area was not "organized" territory until 1890.
There were people living on the fringes of population centers who were not counted on any Censuses so local histories mentioning such people are part of critical research. There were also people who were in some way "colored" who were included in the General Population enumerations. Although often not described as individuals, they are in the records with Heads of Households. As frontiersmen married Indian brides, the offspring sometimes kept the father's surname. The U.S. Federal Census records of 1850+ may list people in a household and the relationship between the people may be unclear. Some Native Americans used their Indian names in dealing with the Federal Government and some "transliterated" their Indian and English descriptions and names. This was similar to what Europeans did in the Middle Ages and what freed slaves did after the U.S. Civil War and often naming patterns reveal clues to lineage and tribe.
As to tribes...research must include records created for, by, and about the tribe. Typical anthropology of the old days, less objectivity and much assignment of meaning to.
There's no way around researching whatever history shows of treaty and histories. Time frames and geographic references serve as access points into the river. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ So, we've been mowing through Maurer records, carefully.
The really big news is that Sarah's mother was Elizabeth Bolender (Bollender/Bolander). And old George (as in Senior) Maurer was born in Holland!
We figured we should post what information we do have in effort to generate some more.
Where were we????
We found a young George Candy (13 years old) in the Household of Mr. George Maurer up in Illinois and we followed that George (whom we believe to be our George who married Nellie Lake) to Iowa where he joined his parents in the late 1800's.
Going backwards to Illinois we found out that Mr. Maurer and his wife Elizabeth were some of the first people to settle Rock Grove, Illinois.
Spending a couple days in a book called The History of Stephenson County by M.H. Tilden helped us brush up on pioneer days and large land masses being divided up into Territories, States, Counties, and smaller units like Townships and Burroughs. Well, Burroughs...those are more in Pennsylvania than Illinois. Back in the time when George and Elizabeth Maurer moved from Pennsylvania to Illinois country, settlements were turning into establishments and these establishments were typically called Townships and Groves.
The land had already passed through its phases of being mostly unexplored, owned by grant-holders, tramped to by land companies, forted and trading posted, fought over by squattors and builders, spied and surveyed by speculators, and advertised as TOP QUALITY.
The great Northwest Territory was being discussed in Continental Congress and carted over by passers through. The colonies were ceding their far-away boundaries sometimes sight unseen. And place got all wound up in plan and plot.
In between petitions and postmarks, the people began to set out for their American Dreams.
As missionaries, Muskingums, military, and the migrating many...Americans were on the move. Some hoping to find outlet for religious freedom, some on the run, some with all they had, and others very carefully expanding family and community without de-mooring from the family trees.
Mama's families emigrated from Pennsylvania, moving both south and north.
Even as the military pointedly chased European militaries and Native Americans and sometimes their own tails AWAY from outposts and boundary lines, there was a simultaneous homesteading and forging on. Treaties pock the diplomacy routes and "abandoned" in historical accounts must be questioned.
The cart-paths and "Indian Trails" weren't the only transportation routes both being worn smooth and beating back the bramble. Big debates about trade and policy were riding alongside the waters of the big rivers...legislation barely a life raft to get America from point A to point B in negotiations.
Carving house beams and chambers, the American pioneers were busy making farms and local governments. Capitals and congresses all...most every place that considered itself any place. Judicial concerns were as numerous as the mosquitoes. And matters concerning the militia, administration, and taxation did not go away like the end of a long, hard day on the prairie with sunset.
Forty years before the Maurers made it to Illinois, Indiana Territory's General Assembly was meeting at Chillicothe. Connecticut was in the processes of releasing her claims to "the reserve." In 1800 when Connecticut's first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve investigated the Northwest Territory, from what could be seen, there was "no township containing more than eleven families" (66 Tilden). This, in spite of rumors and newspaper rants bearing wind of population explosions. And "Ohio" being deemed worthy of forming a State Government (per a special Census taken to generate the numbers) and based on a provision of the famous "Compact of 1787."
Whenever the number of inhabitants within prescribed limits exceed 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government.
1802 found people passing Acts defining limits, with the added pressures of trying to imagine the inexhaustible and unending "manifest destiny" attached to the American Dream and made seemingly "reality" by secret exchanges between Kings and Dictators.
The Constitution of the new State of Ohio appeared on the scene in 1802. Although the limits of Lake Michigan were not yet known, Ohio was parceled just before the big purchase of "Louisiana" from France. At that time there was territory including Lake Michigan included with the place of Michigan being included within the territory of Indiana. All the while there were individuals with and without any kind of authority "obtaining" large tracts of land from "the Indians." The Indians, of course, were a continent full of natives otherwise referred to a "aborigines" and "red people."
All the activity having anything at all to do with aborigines generally got labeled "affairs" and involved "agents," marching orders, and occasionally arrests.
Colleges, too, were microscopic cosmologies, collecting children too old to be "at home," but as yet untrained to "at work." In population and in intellectual territories, college people were connecting themselves to traditions and new-fangled. Just like Church people.
Once Michigan got more mitt-ish and dubbed State, Congress "...began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders" (Tilden, 67). Detroit's 225 acres was described as more "fort and citadel" with decaying pickets and public houses than "town," the critics being in search of artificer's yards and the "favorable auspices" of which George Washington had purportedly spoken. Mysteriously a June (11th) 1805 fire reduced Detroit to rubble, thereby scattering it's half-breeds, colored people, and mixed nationality family tree root-efforts. William Hull had been appointed "Governor"--changes to take effect 30th of June. This as Indiana was passing to the second grade of government.
And then we come to Tecumseh, well Tilden does. You can read all this stuff in The History of Stephenson County, Illinois put together in Chicago, 1880, by compilationist M.H. Tilden and the Western Historical Society. One of the most fascinating parts of the book is when the narrator (presumably Tilden) switches from speaking of the past into a more present tense and describes a post-apocalyptic America of 1877/78. It's as if Tilden's pondering life as seen in a postcard that can't be published. A dilap-i-dat-ing and sorry sight, an abandoned church lingering in between an aging local population and the next big thing...the Rail Roads. Tilden pieces the local locale of townships like Rock Grove into a puzzling plat. Panics and branches moved away, pensions and prosperities when, Tilden tries to factor up figures but can't really, it's so present this American life he's narrating, it's more bubbling and up close that page-worthy. Positing very little opinion as if afraid of being knocked of the old factual pedestal by someone or something that might call it out and jeopardize the enviable position of riding the big waves, the audience is alerted to "new era" and "challenges." There's talk of "apportionment" and possibility...the removal of the Federal Capitol to some more central location...a division of property and transportation, now, not so much "territories." Commerce and calamity must be reckoned by the historian in columns of schedules and sires. And Tilden's awash in that outsider's peering into place. Radical change in the form of spreading slaughterhouses and stockyards, rivalries between States, whole regions undulating with progress and protest. As a writer Tilden's torn up and sewing together at the same time.
It's Tilden whose given us an entry in a biographical sketch for George Maurer...
Make Way for the Dutchman
pg. 739 Tilden's The History of Stephenson County, Illinois (1880).
George Maurer, farmer, Sec. 32; P.O. Rock Grove;
born in Union Co., Penn., 1810; came to Stephenson Co., Ill., June 6, 1840, and stopped at Barber's house till he had one of his own. In partnership with John Bolender, bought eleven 80's and one 40, which they afterward divided. Mr. Maurer now owns 407 acres, valued at $50 per acre. In 1841, was married to Miss Elizabeth Bolender; they have a family of five children living--Sarah, now Mrs. J. Kennedy; Moses, Mary, William and George, and four dead--Daniel, Isaac, Harriet, John. Mr. Maurer has held township offices. In politics, a Democrat. His family attend [sic.] the Presbyterian Church."
We were fortunate to find mother Elizabeth Maurer on a 1900 U.S. Census which confirms that she gave birth to nine children. And five were still living in 1900. In fact, in 1900 we find our aging mother living with sons George and Moses.
Moses is still older than George, he's already 55. And we find out that his birthday was in February of 1845.
Twenty years before the turn of the century and millennium, back in 1880 there were three brothers still together and at that time both of their parents were still alive. For some reason, Moses is single. And young George Candy must have seemed like a baby brother to his 37 years. Moses is a farmer and so a mentor in George Candy's apprentice-time.
You can imagine that windmills and carriages posed a viable distraction. Boy George Candy had a lot to think about with his family going onto Iowa before him and his grandparents starting to get "old," and there was the newborn child, Dora. She belongs to Moses's brother George and his eighteen year old bride, Jane whom they call Jennie. And there's Mary, a "grand daughter" to George Maurer, Senior. George Candy was closer in age to William. William's the brother in the middle between Moses and George, Junior. Young George Candy and William and George, Junior and Moses--Illinois men.
But George's grandparents might "talk funny" on account of being born in Pennsylvania. Or maybe it's other people who "talk funny." Between chalk board lettering and pronouncing names and places, there's talking funny. But talking about the world and being a man and girls...that's not funny.
Clara? She's not married yet. That doesn't happen until 1884. She moves to Iowa too. And marries Mr. Samuel Diamond. That Samuel was born in the year that the Civil War started, but Clara was born after it was over; technically over. The way Clara says Maurer sounds like "Mowry."
Hattie's missing.
Maybe got the notion to be a birthing doctor like Miss. Mary. Mary knows A LOT of stuff. About women and babies and what to do if somebody gets a fever.
A 1931 Death certificate tells us that Mary Maurer's parents were George and Elizabeth born in (Union County and Center County, of Pennsylvania, respectively). That's the Mary who wed to Charles Mengedohd. She'd been born on the 21st of February 1847 in Rock Grove. At the time of her death her official occupation was "housewife." She was 84 years old by then. She got buried in Frankenburger Cemetery right there in Rock Grove.
"Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:?MM9.1.1/NQ2M-17G: accessed 06 JUNE 2013, George Maurer in entry for Mary Katharine Mengedohd, 02 JUNE 1931.
But it's on William and George, Junior's death certificates that we find out that their father's birthplace was Holland. William, he got married when Wisconsin was like Illinois, groves and counties. He got married in some place called Twin Groves in Green County. That was in November of 1894. He married one of the Emericks. Sarah Catherine. She was also born in Rock Grove, Illinois. And they came back to Rock Grove. But in 1900 they weren't living with George Maurer, Junior and his wife Jane. Cousin Leslie Fisher was living with them. HE was 21 and had to help with George and Jane's children:
Dora who was about twenty years old in 1900.
Addie, fifteen.
John, 9 years old
Hettie (minnie) was eight.
Frank was seven.
And little Edna, she was just two. But she got to spend time with her grandmother Elizabeth. Grandfather Maurer was already passed on. Maybe that's when the truth came out...that old George had been born in Holland. But they were Pennsylvania people before they came to Rock Grove, like a lot of people did. There was one wave of settlers that came in the 1830's and another that came in the next wave. It was hard to be in Rock Grove before people built the mills for the flour and started making carriages so they could travel faster than those old ox carts. But grandmother and grandfather Maurer made a go of it and they did good. Not all of their children made it past childhood. That's sad. But Grandfather's Jacob, he would've had the chance to meet those children. He must've come with George and Elizabeth or met up with them in Rock Grove because he was Pennsylvania people too. And Sarah, she would've carried those kin with her in her heart when she went to Iowa with her new husband John.
Her John wasn't the John from Bavaria. That's different Maurers. But they have kind of the same names like Jacob and Harriet and John. Their women, the mother and grandmother, they're Baden people.
And her John wasn't John Andrew Candy of Dakota Township. That John Candy was of Levi Candy's family. In 1850 Levi and his wife Catharine were in Walker Township down in Centre, Pennsylvania. That John was a "brayman." And he's buried over in Dakota. He died the 24th of March 1936. His death certificate tells us that his mother's maiden name was EMERISK. But the U.S. Census of 1880 tells us that Levi and his Catharine and John Andrew were in Illinois, Stephenson County by then. Dakota Township, that's got a bunch of sections and it's own schools and post offices too, even though it's, technically, not far from Rock Grove. Mr. Tilden in his History spelled Emerick, Emrich. And tells us that Levi Candy's religious preferences were with the German Reformed Church.
Naw, I can't remember but I don't think brayman was a cheese and butter maker. That's what William Maurer was a churning biscuit bricker is what some people call that kind of work. William died over to Silver Creek but got buried in the Rock Grove Cemetery. And I checked, Wisconsin was already a State by the time he married Miss Sarah Catharine Emerick. Her parents were Joseph EMERICK and Elizabeth CLEVANSTINE. The Censuses of 1910, 1920, and 1930 show us William and Sarah growing old together
But by 1910 a Census from Oklahoma tells us that Sarah's John Candy was already widowed. IF that is Sarah Maurer's John. We aren't sure since that John is way out west like that in an unmarked grave. Purportedly buried with Sarah A. Maurer in Jennings Cemetery in a place called Pawnee County. There's an inscription on Sarah's grave that reads: Sarah A., wife of John Candy, born 10 NOV 1842, died 28 FEB 1905. And right near them is Mary E.M. Candy who's died shortly after the 1900 Census in March of 19-hundred and three. Seems like other people are trying to quilt this family back together as well. Somebody left a note on the Internet's Find-A-Grave that says, "Mary was married to an Emery with whom she had a daughter Essie."
So we've made a note of Sarah's "memorial number" which is #60585353 and the "ballpark" dates like John Candy (1842-1918) and made effort to keep carefully printed index cards of all sorts of information we find "around." And in our researching post in Grandpa Grover's Scrapbook here, we're recording all the confirmation information, the stuff that makes our story-telling carefully crafted on a non-fiction basis.
All of the "sources" we peeked at so far to make this post (June 2013) are not ordered yet but listed below:
--------------------------------
Biographical Sketches in the 1880 edition of Tilden's History of Stephenson County, Illinois. (Chicago: Western Historical Society, 1880).
Especially helpful: Pages 739 & 771. The chapters on the Townships of Rock Grove, Dakota, and Buck Eye. The historical overview of the Northwest Territory from 1775-1830. The information about the wave of migration that brought the Pennsylvania people to Illinois for the golden year of Rock Grove (1840).
Jacobson, Judy. A FIELD GUIDE FOR GENEALOGISTS. (Baltimore, Maryland: Clearfield Company, 2001).
Especially useful in the territory sorting: The list of when the States entered the Union. And exciting in the efforts to dig deeper into the lives of pioneering medical people, pp. 102-117.
Find-A-Grave for Sarah A. Maurer Candy, John Candy, Mary E.M. Candy and Hattie Gray.
"United States Census, 1850," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/M853-6T1: accessed 27 MAY 2013), George Maurer.
"United States Census, 1880," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MXK2-6N6
"United States Census, 1900," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch/pal:mm9.1.1/MSHG-59P: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Moses Maurer in entry for George Maurer.
Of interest, Maurers #102, 102; Census taken by Aaron Bolender
"United States Census, 1880," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MXK2-6N4: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Moses Maurer in entry for George Maurer, 1880.
"United States Census, 1910," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MKXR-YFG: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Moses Maurer in entry for George Maurer, 1910.
"Wisconsin, Marriages, 1836-1930," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XRG6-XDN: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Wm. H. Maurer and Sarah Catharine Emerick, 8 NOV 1894.
"United States Census, 1910," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MKXR-LCB: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Wm. Maurer.
"United States Census, 1920," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MJH1-2X1: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Wm. H. Maurer, 1920.
"United States Census, 1930," index and images, Wm. H. Maurer, FamilySearch, (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/X3MN-X3D: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Wm. H. Maurer.
"Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NQS4-V9V: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), Wm. Maurer, 14 JAN 1942.
"Iowa, Marriages, 1809-1992," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/oal:/MM9.1.1/XJWS-KM7: accessed 27 MAY 2013), Samuel Diamond and Clara Candy, 1884.
"Iowa State Census, 1885," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/HZLY-9W2: accessed 27 MAY 2013), John Candy, 1885.
"Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:MM9.1.1/NQ2M-17G: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), George Maurer in entry for Mary Katharine Mengedohd, 02 JUNE 1931.
"Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NQ7J-H2H: accessed 04 JUNE 2013), Catharine Candy in entry for John Andrew Candy, 24 MAR 1936.
"Illinois, Deaths and Stillbirths, 1916-1947," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:MM9.1.1/NQN8-BCW: accessed 06 JUNE 2013), George Maurer in entry for George B. Maurer, 02 OCT 1938.
Genealogytrails.com/penn/union
Especially for its convenient list of old and new Townships in Union County and its explanation of Burroughs which we hadn't thought of since researching Connecticut. There are four types of incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania Law: Cities, Burroughs, Townships, and Town (although there's only 2 of those according to the website).
